Pregnancy-Related Deaths by Hispanic Origin, United States, 2009-2018.

Objective: To describe pregnancy-related mortality among Hispanic people by place of origin (country or region of Hispanic ancestry), 2009-2018. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of pregnancy-related deaths among Hispanic people, stratified by place of origin (Central or South America, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Other and Unknown Hispanic), using Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System data, 2009-2018. We describe distributions of pregnancy-related deaths and pregnancy-related mortality ratios (number of pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births) overall and by place of origin for select demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: For 2009-2018, the overall pregnancy-related mortality ratio among Hispanic people was 11.5 pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 10.8-12.2). In general, pregnancy-related mortality ratios were higher among older age groups (i.e., 35 years and older) and lower among those with higher educational attainment (i.e., college degree or higher). Approximately two in five pregnancy-related deaths among Hispanic people occurred on the day of delivery through 6 days postpartum. Place of origin-specific pregnancy-related mortality ratios ranged from 9.6 (95% CI: 5.8-15.0) among people of Cuban origin to 15.3 (95% CI: 12.4-18.3) among people of Puerto Rican origin. Hemorrhage and infection were the most frequent causes of pregnancy-related deaths overall among Hispanic people. People of Puerto Rican origin had a higher proportion of deaths because of cardiomyopathy. Conclusions: We identified differences in pregnancy-related mortality by place of origin among Hispanic people that can help inform prevention of pregnancy-related deaths.

Postpartum navigation decreases severe maternal morbidity most among Black women.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum care is crucial for addressing conditions associated with severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Examination of programs that affect these outcomes for women at high risk, including disparate populations, is needed. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine whether a postpartum navigation program decreases all-cause 30-day postpartum hospitalizations and hospitalizations because of severe maternal morbidity identified using the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. The effect of this program was explored across patient demographics, including race and ethnicity. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study that used health records of women who delivered at 3 large hospitals in the New York metropolitan area (Queens and Long Island) between April 2020 and November 2021 and who were at high risk of severe maternal morbidity. The incidence rates of 30-day postpartum all-cause hospitalization and hospitalization because of severe maternal morbidity were compared between women who were and were not enrolled in a novel postpartum transitional care management program. Navigation included standardized assessments, development of care plans, clinical management, and connection to clinical and social services that would extend beyond the postpartum period. Because the program prioritized enrolling women of the greatest risk, the risk-adjusted incidence was estimated using multivariate Poisson regression and stratified across patient demographics. RESULTS: Patient health records of 5819 women were included for analysis. Of note, 5819 of 19,258 deliveries (30.2%) during the study period were identified as having a higher risk of severe maternal morbidity. This was consistent with the incidence of high-risk pregnancies for tertiary hospitals in the New York metropolitan area. The condition most identified for risk of severe maternal morbidity at the time of delivery was hypertension (3171/5819 [54.5%]). The adjusted incidence of all-cause rehospitalization was 20% lower in enrollees than in nonenrollees (incident rate ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.95). Rehospitalization was decreased the most among Black women (incident rate ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.80). The adjusted incidence of rehospitalization because of indicators of severe maternal morbidity was 56% lower in enrollees than in nonenrollees (incident rate ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.77). Furthermore, it decreased most among Black women (incident rate ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.73). CONCLUSION: High-risk medical conditions at the time of delivery increased the risk of postpartum hospitalization, including hospitalizations because of severe maternal morbidity. A postpartum navigation program designed to identify and resolve clinical and social needs reduced postpartum hospitalizations and racial disparities with hospitalizations. Hospitals and healthcare systems should adopt this type of care model for women at high risk of severe maternal morbidity. Cost analyses are needed to evaluate the financial effect of postpartum navigation programs for women at high risk of severe maternal morbidity or mortality, which could influence reimbursement for these types of services. Further evidence and details of novel postpartum interventional models are needed for future studies.

El cuerpo, el sentir y los cuidados tradicionales en el puerperio desde la cosmovisión nahua / O corpo, sentimento e cuidado tradicional no puerpério a partir da visão de mundo Nahua / The body, feeling and traditional care in the puerperium from the Nahua worldview

Introduction: There are ancestral care during the puerperium that remain in force, butthey are opposed to those indicated by the health personnel. Objective: Understand the culturalmeaning of the body, feeling and traditional care in the puerperium from the Nahua worldview.Methods: Qualitative ethnographic research carried out in the Axtla de Terrazas indigenous community in San Luis de Potosí, Mexico, from March to July 2019. The sample was non-probabilisticfor convenience, 14 postpartum women from the community participated. To collect the data, thefield diary, the participant observation and the ethnographic interview with prior informed consentwere used, which were then manually processed according to the thematic analysis. Results: Threecultural themes emerged: a) Affections that the "hot" body of the puerperal woman can cause, b)The feeling of the woman in the puerperium: Between pain and joy, c) Traditional care to avoidcomplications during the puerperium. Conclusions: There are meanings about the body, feelingsand traditional care during the puerperium in the Nahua worldview. For this reason, health caremust be intercultural, considering the customs of postpartum women, to avoid care that may beconsidered intrusive, causing a culture shock, and that they never attend their check-ups again. (AU)

Introducción: Existen cuidados ancestrales durante el puerperio que se mantienen vigentes, pero se contraponen con los indicados por el personal de salud. Objetivo. Comprender el significado cultural del cuerpo, el sentir y los cuidados tradicionales en el puerperio desde la cosmovisión nahua. Métodos: Investigación etnográfica cualitativa realizada en la comunidad indígenaAxtla de Terrazas en San Luis de Potosí, México, de marzo a julio de 2019. La muestra fue no probabilística por conveniencia, participaron 14 puérperas de la comunidad. Para recolectar los datos,se utilizaron el diario de campo, la observación participante y la entrevista etnográfica con consentimiento informado previo, que luego fueron procesadas manualmente según el análisis temático.Resultados: Emergieron tres temas culturales a) Afecciones que puede ocasionar el cuerpo “caliente” de la puérpera, b) El sentir de la mujer en el puerperio: Entre el dolor y la alegría, c) Cuidadostradicionales para evitar las complicaciones durante el puerperio. Conclusiones: Existen significados sobre el cuerpo, sentimientos y cuidados tradicionales durante el puerperio en la cosmovisiónnahua. Por ello, la asistencia sanitaria debe ser intercultural considerando las costumbres de laspuérperas, para evitar cuidados que puedan considerarse intrusivos provocando un choque cultural, y que nunca más asistan a sus controles. (AU)

Introdução: Existem cuidados ancestrais durante o puerpério que permanecem em vigor,mas são contrários aos indicados pelos profissionais de saúde. Objectivo: Compreender o significado cultural do corpo, sentimento e cuidado tradicional no puerpério a partir da cosmovisão nahua. Métodos: Pesquisa etnográfica qualitativa realizada na comunidade indígena Axtla de Terrazas em San Luis de Potosí, México, de março a julho de 2019. A amostra foi não probabilística porconveniência, participaram 14 puérperas da comunidade. Para a coleta dos dados foram utilizadoso diário de campo, a observação participante e a entrevista etnográfica com consentimento prévioinformado, os quais foram processados manualmente de acordo com a análise temática. Resultados:Emergiram três temáticas culturais: a) Afetos que o corpo "quente" da puérpera pode causar, b) Osentimento da mulher no puerpério: Entre a dor e a alegria, c) Cuidados tradicionais para evitarcomplicações durante o puerpério. Conclusões: Há significados sobre o corpo, sentimentos e cuidados tradicionais durante o puerpério na visão de mundo nahua. Por isso, a atenção à saúde deve serintercultural, considerando os costumes das puérperas, para evitar cuidados que possam ser considerados intrusivos, causando choque cultural, e que nunca mais compareçam ao seu check-up. (AU)

Desafios do processo gestacional de mulheres negras: uma revisão narrativa / Challenges in the gestational process of black women: a narrative review

Esta revisão narrativa procura discutir aspectos concernentes ao processo gestacional de mulheres negras, quais sejam: se existem diferenças de tratamento entre mulheres brancas e negras durante a gravidez e nos momentos do parto e pós-parto, como essas diferenças são influenciadas pelos aspectos fisiológicos de cada grupo étnico e como isso afeta as taxas de morbimortalidade. Para esta revisão, quatro bases de dados foram usadas (SciELO, LILACS, PubMed e MEDLINE) e 23 artigos foram lidos na íntegra, depois de selecionados por data de publicação, língua, país da pesquisa e análise dos títulos e resumos. Como principais resultados, os autores encontraram diferenças claras entre mulheres brancas e negras quanto ao acesso à saúde, sendo as negras mais propensas a usar os sistemas públicos e ter menos consultas pré-natal. Também foi observado que as mulheres negras reportaram maus-tratos mais vezes, tinham maiores chances de serem proibidas de ter um acompanhante durante o parto e recebiam menos anestesia para episiotomias. As características fisiológicas também foram apontadas várias vezes. Nesse sentido, altas taxas de anemia ferropriva e hipertensão durante a gravidez foram mais comuns entre as negras. Além disso, em se tratando de taxas de morbimortalidade, mulheres negras tinham uma chance consideravelmente maior de serem readmitidas pós-parto e maiores taxas de mortalidade, quando comparadas com mulheres brancas.(AU)

This review aims to discuss aspects related to the gestational process of black women, namely: if there is a difference in how black and white women are treated throughout pregnancy, partum and postpartum moments, how this difference is influenced by the physiological aspects of each ethnical group and how it affects their morbidity and mortality rates. For this review, four databases were used (SciELO, LILACS, PubMed and MEDLINE) and 23 articles were fully read, after being selected by publishing date, language, country of research, title and abstract analysis. The authors found as the main results clear differences between black women's and white women's access to health care, as black women are more likely to use public health care systems and have fewer prenatal appointments. It was also noticed that black women reported maltreatment more frequently, had a higher chance of being prohibited from keeping a companion during labor and suffering from less local anesthesia for episiotomy. The physiological characteristics were also pointed out several times, with high rates of iron deficiency anemia and hypertension during pregnancy being more common among black women. Moreover, when it comes to morbidity and mortality rates, black women had an extremely higher chance of being readmitted postpartum, and a higher mortality rate, when compared to white women.(AU)

Individual and facility-level factors associated with women's receipt of immediate postpartum family planning counseling in Ethiopia: results from national surveys of women and health facilities.

BACKGROUND: Immediate postpartum family planning (IPPFP) helps prevent unintended and closely spaced pregnancies. Despite Ethiopia's rising facility-based delivery rate and supportive IPPFP policies, the prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use remains low, with little known about disparities in access to IPPFP counseling. We sought to understand if women's receipt of IPPFP counseling varied by individual and facility characteristics. METHODS: We used weighted linked household and facility data from the national Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia (PMA-Ethiopia) study. Altogether, 936 women 5-9 weeks postpartum who delivered at a government facility were matched to the nearest facility offering labor and delivery care, corresponding to the facility type in which each woman reported delivering (n = 224 facilities). We explored women's receipt of IPPFP counseling and individual and facility-level characteristics utilizing descriptive statistics. The relationship between women's receipt of IPPFP counseling and individual and facility factors were assessed through multivariate, multilevel models. RESULTS: Approximately one-quarter of postpartum women received IPPFP counseling (27%) and most women delivered government health centers (59%). Nearly all facilities provided IPPFP services (94%); most had short- and long-acting methods available (71 and 87%, respectively) and no recent stockouts (60%). Multivariate analyses revealed significant disparities in IPPFP counseling with lower odds of counseling among primiparous women, those who delivered vaginally, and women who did not receive delivery care from a doctor or health officer (all p < 0.05). Having never used contraception was marginally associated with lower odds of receiving IPPFP counseling (p < 0.10). IPPFP counseling did not differ by age, residence, method availability, or facility type, after adjusting for other individual and facility factors. CONCLUSION: Despite relatively widespread availability of IPPFP services in Ethiopia, receipt of IPPFP counseling remains low. Our results highlight important gaps in IPPFP care, particularly among first-time mothers, women who have never used contraception, women who delivered vaginally, and those who did not receive delivery care from a doctor or health officer. As facility births continue to rise in Ethiopia, health systems and providers must ensure that equitable, high-quality IPPFP services are offered to all women.

Postpartum contraceptive practices among urban and peri-urban women in North India: a mixed-methods cohort study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum family planning (PPFP) helps women space childbirths, increase exclusive breastfeeding and prevent unintended pregnancies, leading to reduction in maternal, infant and child morbidities and mortality. Unmet need of family planning is highest among women in the postpartum period due to lack of knowledge, cultural and religious barriers, access barriers and low antenatal care service utilization. However, in spite of low prevalence of postpartum family planning practices, birth-to-birth interval is reportedly high in Delhi, India. This study explores the postpartum contraception practices and the relationship between use of postpartum contraception and subsequent child linear growth. METHODS: This is a mixed method cohort study on PPFP and is nested within an ongoing "Women and Infants Integrated Interventions for Growth Study" (WINGS). Married women aged 18-30 years who have delivered a live baby are recruited for quantitative interviews at 6 weeks, 6, 12, and 24 months postpartum. In-depth interviews are conducted with a randomly selected sub-sample of women at each of the four time points, 35 husbands and 20 local service providers to understand their perspectives on PPFP practices. DISCUSSION: The findings from the study will provide useful insights into couples' contraception preferences and choice of contraception, modern and traditional, initiation time and the effect of birth spacing and contraception use on subsequent linear growth of the child. This knowledge will be of significant public health relevance and will help in designing appropriate interventions for appropriate postpartum contraception use and delivery strategies. The study aims to work address the Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights goal of promoting reproductive health, voluntary and safe sexual and reproductive choices for women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration number: CTRI/2020/03/023954 .

Maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care and associated factors among postpartum women at public hospitals of North Shoa Zone Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Maternal satisfaction is an essential indicator of the quality and the efficiency of the health care systems. At a time when efforts are being made globally to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, assessing maternal satisfaction is essential. There is a dearth of studies on maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care, particularly in the study area. This study aimed to assess maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care and associated factors among postpartum women at public hospitals of North Shoa Zone Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study with a systematic random sampling technique was conducted from May1-30/ 2020. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 and analyzed using a statistical package for the social sciences version 25. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were employed. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, level of statistical significance was declared at variables with p < 0.05 and the strength of the association was measured by an adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. RESULT: Of the total 394 participants, 111 (28.2%) [95% CI: 23.9, 32.5] of postpartum women were satisfied with the intrapartum care. Place of residence [AOR: 1.934; 95% CI (1.183, 3.162)], planned status of the pregnancy [AOR: 2.245; 95% CI, (1.212, 4.158)], number of antenatal care visit [AOR: 2.389; 95% (1.437, 3.974)] and duration of labour [AOR: 2.463; 95% (1.378, 4.402)] were factors significantly associated with maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care. CONCLUSION: The proportion of maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care was low. Therefore, designing strategies to enhance maternal satisfaction by strengthening adherence to antenatal care visits, provision of family planning to prevent unplanned pregnancy, and strict utilization of partograph to prevent prolonged labour and childbirth-related complications are crucial.

Risk perceptions among high-risk pregnant women in Nepal: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: A woman's perception of risk affects her decisions about seeking obstetric care and following prescribed regimens of care. This study explored the perceptions of high-risk pregnancy among women with high-risk factors. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in the Morang district, Nepal. A phenomenological approach was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with 14 participants. Postpartum women with one risk factor for high-risk pregnancy who non-adhere to referral hospital birth were selected purposively. Thematic analysis was done to generate themes and categories. FINDINGS: Two main themes emerged in this study: (i) knowledge and understanding of risk and (ii) normalizing and non-acceptance of risk. The participants had inadequate knowledge of risk in pregnancy and childbirth. Their information source was their personal experiences of risk, witnessing their close relatives, and community incidents. The participants perceived pregnancy as a normal event and did not consider themselves as at risk. They tended to deny risk and perceived that everything was fine with their pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide a glimpse into how women perceived risk and the reasons that lead them to deny the risks and gave home birth. In the presence of risk factors in pregnancy, some women were not convinced that they were at risk. An antenatal check-up should be utilized as a platform to educate women, explore their intentions, and encourage safer births.

Acceptability of mentor mother peer support for women living with HIV in North-Central Nigeria: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Mentor mothers provide psychosocial and other support to pregnant and post-partum women living with HIV (WLHIV), which has been shown to enhance maternal-infant outcomes in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). Our objective was to assess the acceptability of mentor mothers as a PMTCT intervention, and to explore opinions on mentor mother program composition and delivery among stakeholders in North-Central Nigeria. METHODS: We conducted nine focus group discussions and 31 in-depth interviews with 118 participants, including WLHIV, pregnant women, male partners, health workers, traditional birth attendants, community leaders, PMTCT program implementers, and policymakers. Participants were purposively recruited from health facilities and surrounding communities in the Federal Capital Territory and Nasarawa State. Transcripts were manually analysed using a Grounded Theory approach, where theory was derived from the data collected. RESULTS: Most participants were female (n = 78, 67%), and married (n = 110, 94%). All participant groups found  mentor mothers acceptable as women providing care to pregnant and postpartum women, and as WLHIV supporting other WLHIV. Mentor mothers were uniquely relatable as role models for WLHIV because they were women, living with HIV, and had achieved an HIV-negative status for their HIV-exposed infants. Mentor mothers were recognized as playing major roles in maternal health education, HIV treatment initiation, adherence, and retention, HIV prevention for male partners and infants, and couple HIV disclosure. Most WLHIV preferred to receive mentor mothers' services at health facilities rather than at home, due to concerns about HIV-related stigma and discrimination through association with mentor mothers. Key mentor mother needs were identified as training, remuneration, and validation as lay health workers. CONCLUSIONS: Mentor mothers are an acceptable PMTCT intervention among stakeholders in North-Central Nigeria. However, stigma and discrimination for both mentor mothers and their clients remain a critical challenge, and mentor mother needs such as training, pay, and a sustainably supported niche in health systems require focused attention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov registration number ( NCT01936753 ), registered on September 3, 2013 (retrospectively registered).

More to lose? Longitudinal evidence that women whose social support declines following childbirth are at increased risk of depression.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the dynamic relationship between life changes (pregnancy and childbirth) and social support during the postpartum period. METHODS: A large, nationally representative sample of Australian women (N=806) who completed the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (HILDA) in the year immediately before and immediately after giving birth to a child reported on measures of perceived social support and mental health. RESULTS: Analyses indicated a decrease in both social support and mental health after having a baby. Social support during the postpartum period - controlling for social support and mental health prior to the birth of a baby - predicted better mental health in women. However, for women who experienced a decline in social support, prenatal social support was a risk factor for a decline in mental wellbeing rather than a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS: Women who have 'more to lose' are at increased risk of mental ill-health if they cannot maintain existing sources of social support. Implications for public health: Loss of social support during pregnancy and the postpartum period should be considered as a significant risk factor for postpartum depression in its own right and one that warrants screening and intervention.

Health and social outcomes of HIV-vulnerable and HIV-positive pregnant and post-partum adolescents and infants enrolled in a home visiting team programme in Kenya.

OBJECTIVES: HIV-positive and HIV-vulnerable pregnant adolescent girls and adolescent mothers face significant barriers and vulnerabilities. Infants born to adolescent mothers are also more likely to die and be exposed to life-threatening conditions. This paper presents findings from an evaluation of a programme that used a home visitation model and offered a case-management, team-focused approach to increase family and community supportiveness to enhance health and social service uptake among pregnant adolescent girls and adolescent mothers in Kenya. METHODS: The study used a quasi-experimental design with before and after comparisons among a non-randomised population to examine the effectiveness of bi-monthly household visits to 384 enrolled pregnant adolescent girls, adolescent mothers (ages 10-19) and their infants (0-24 months) between March 2018 and February 2019 in three counties in Kenya. RESULTS: During the programme, household support increased from 57% to 85%, while 100% of eligible participants were on ART and virally suppressed (total of 20 adolescents). Nearly all pregnant adolescent girls (94%) delivered under skilled care vs. 78% of those who were post-partum at the time of enrolment (P < 0.001); 100% of infants (total of 17 infants) had an up-to-date PCR test with no seroconversions. Uptake of modern family planning increased from 39% at baseline to 64% at end line (P < 0.001). The referral rate declined from 84% to 78% from baseline to end line with low uptake of referrals for mental health services (17.3%). CONCLUSIONS: A team-focused approach of home visits to HIV-vulnerable and HIV-positive pregnant and post-partum adolescent girls and their infants combined with efforts to reduce stigma and increase supportiveness of households and the community can help address critical socio-cultural and behavioural barriers to accessing and using health and social services.

Hair Cortisol Concentration and Perceived Chronic Stress in Low-Income Urban Pregnant and Postpartum Black Women.

Black women are more likely to experience short- or long-term health consequences from their labor and delivery and die from pregnancy-related causes than White women. Similarly, infants born to Black women also have heightened health risks. Developing research suggests that a contributing factor to Black health disparities may be maternal chronic stress. A widely used biomarker for chronic stress is hair cortisol concentration (HCC). Few prior studies have explored the HCC of pregnant Black women or comprehensively examined perceived chronic stress in this population. Using a mixed-methods focus group framework, we assessed HCC and perceived chronic stress among low-income pregnant and postpartum Black women. Four focus groups were conducted (N = 24). The mean HCC for our pregnant Black participants was greater than pregnant White women in reviewed published studies. The high levels of stress evidenced at all pregnancy stages indicate that many of these women are experiencing chronic stress, which can contribute to higher Black maternal morbidity and mortality rates, and possibly infant mortality rates. From the open coding of the focus group transcripts, 4 themes emerged: chronic stress, experiences of racism, experiences of trauma, and negative thinking. Selective coding based on these themes revealed cumulative experiences of chronic stress, various traumatic experiences, and frequent encounters with racism. Negative thinking styles were observed across the 4 focus groups. More studies of HCC and perceived stress among pregnant Black women are encouraged. Findings suggest the need for tailored multi-level interventions given the layers of stressors present in this population.

Harmful traditional health practices used by Syrian refugee women in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this descriptive study was to determine the traditional health practices used by Syrian refugee women in Turkey. METHODS: A survey was carried out among Syrian refugee women in the Turkish province of Hatay, which has experienced heavy immigration. The study sample consisted of 75 married Syrian women over the age of 18. Questionnaires were completed during face-to-face interviews and took approximately 60 min. RESULTS: All the women (100%) reported using a traditional health method in pregnancy; almost all had used a traditional health method during childbirth and the postpartum period (both 98.7%), and to treat a vaginal infection (92.0%) and induce an abortion (93.3%); most used a traditional method of contraception (85.3%). CONCLUSION: Some of the reported known and used methods are harmless or beneficial to women's health. Some, however, can negatively affect women's health in terms of infection, bleeding and toxicity. In order to eliminate potentially harmful traditional health practices, it is recommended that Syrian refugee women receive health education.

Health may be compromised by social interactions depending on culture among postpartum Arab and Jewish Israeli women.

BACKGROUND: Social support is generally perceived to facilitate health in postpartum women; however, previous research shows that this is not always true. Social interactions intended to provide support can be perceived as negative and in turn, may have negative impacts on maternal health. The purpose of the present study was to asses if social support and negative interactions at one month after childbirth can predict maternal health four months after childbirth, and if this relationship is influenced by culture. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal cohort study included randomly selected Arab (n = 203) and Jewish (n = 202) women who attended Mother and Child Health Clinics in Northern Israel one month after giving birth. The women were interviewed at one and four months after childbirth using a questionnaire including measures of health (self-reported health (SRH) and health problems), socioeconomic and demographic status, obstetric characteristics, social support, negative social interactions and perceptions of customs and traditions intended to help the mother cope after childbirth. Multivariable regressions were run to identify the variables predicting health four months after childbirth. RESULTS: The response rate for both interviews was 90%. Negative social interactions one month after childbirth significantly predicted health problems in Arab and Jewish women (Beta 0.20 and 0.37 respectively) and SRH among Arab women only (odds ratio (OR) 0.32, confidence interval (CI) 0.19-0.54) four months after childbirth. Social support at one month after childbirth significantly predicted better SRH in both Jewish and Arab women four months after childbirth (OR 2.33, CI 1.38-3.93 and 1.59, CI 1.01-2.46 respectively) and fewer health problems only among Jewish women (Beta - 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Social support and negative social interactions appear to be predictive of health in postpartum women. Associations varied between Arabs and Jews, indicating that social support may be more important for predicting health among Jewish women and negative interactions may be more important among Arab women. Healthcare practitioners should be aware of the cultural context and social circumstances of postpartum women to ensure they receive the social support and care they need.

Examining the relationship between maternal body size, gestational glucose tolerance status, mode of delivery and ethnicity on human milk microbiota at three months post-partum.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined how maternal body mass index (BMI), mode of delivery and ethnicity affect the microbial composition of human milk and none have examined associations with maternal metabolic status. Given the high prevalence of maternal adiposity and impaired glucose metabolism, we systematically investigated the associations between these maternal factors in women ≥20 years and milk microbial composition and predicted functionality by V4-16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (NCT01405547;  https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01405547 ). Demographic data, weight, height, and a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test were gathered at 30 (95% CI: 25-33) weeks gestation, and milk samples were collected at 3 months post-partum (n = 113). RESULTS: Multivariable linear regression analyses demonstrated no significant associations between maternal characteristics (maternal BMI [pre-pregnancy, 3 months post-partum], glucose tolerance, mode of delivery and ethnicity) and milk microbiota alpha-diversity; however, pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with human milk microbiota beta-diversity (Bray-Curtis R2 = 0.037). Women with a pre-pregnancy BMI > 30 kg/m2 (obese) had a greater incidence of Bacteroidetes (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 3.70 [95% CI: 1.61-8.48]) and a reduced incidence of Proteobacteria (0.62 [0.43-0.90]) in their milk, compared to women with an overweight BMI (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) as assessed by multivariable Poisson regression. An increased incidence of Gemella was observed among mothers with gestational diabetes who had an overweight BMI versus healthy range BMI (5.96 [1.85-19.21]). An increased incidence of Gemella was also observed among mothers with impaired glucose tolerance with an obese BMI versus mothers with a healthy range BMI (4.04 [1.63-10.01]). An increased incidence of Brevundimonas (16.70 [5.99-46.57]) was found in the milk of women who underwent an unscheduled C-section versus vaginal delivery. Lastly, functional gene inference demonstrated that pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with an increased abundance of genes encoding for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathway in milk (coefficient = 0.0024, PFDR < 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Human milk has a diverse microbiota of which its diversity and differential abundance appear associated with maternal BMI, glucose tolerance status, mode of delivery, and ethnicity. Further research is warranted to determine whether this variability in the milk microbiota impacts colonization of the infant gut.

Postpartum blood pressure trends are impacted by race and BMI.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate postpartum blood pressure trends, and time to resolution of hypertension among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, specifically focusing on impact of race and BMI on these trends. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of a randomized trial that utilized a text-message based home blood pressure monitoring system. BPs for this study included both inpatient postpartum BPs as well as home BPs obtained from the text-based program. Women were followed from 12 h of delivery to 16 days postpartum. Outcomes were: (1) postpartum BP trend summaries from a linear mixed-effects regression model and (2) time to resolution of hypertension (defined as ≥ 48 h of BPs < 140/90) depicted using Kaplan Meier survival curves with hazard ratio estimates of association using Cox models. RESULTS: Eighty-four women were included, of which 63% were black. Non-black women with a BMI < 35 kg/m2 had steady decreases in systolic BP whereas other groups peaked around 6.5 days postpartum. BPs for women in the BMI < 35 group, regardless of race, remained in the normotensive range. Conversely, women with a BMI ≥ 35 had a systolic BP peak into the hypertensive range prior to declining. Diastolic BP peaked at an average of 8.5 days postpartum. Time to resolution of BPs differed by race and BMI groups (p = 0.012). Non-black women with a BMI < 35 had the shortest time to resolution and 81% of these women had resolution of hypertension. Only 49% of black women with a BMI < 35 had resolution of hypertension and approximately 40% of both black and non-black women with BMI ≥ 35 had resolution of hypertension. CONCLUSION: We identified race and BMI to be determinants of postpartum BP trends and hypertension resolution. Further study is needed to determine if race and BMI targeted postpartum hypertension interventions may lead to faster blood pressure recovery and lower maternal morbidity postpartum.

Patterns of family negativity in the perinatal period: Implications for mental health among Mexican-origin women.

Negativity in the family environment during the perinatal period is likely to have detrimental effects on maternal well-being, especially among low-income ethnic minority mothers who are at increased risk for experiencing postpartum depressive symptoms. With a sample of 322 Mexican and Mexican American families, this study used latent class growth analysis to identify meaningful subgroups of women based on their perceived family negativity reported prenatally and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks postpartum. A 4-trajectory model of family negativity fit the data well: low-stable (58%), moderate-increasing (26%), high-decreasing (8%), and high-increasing (8%). Higher prenatal depressive symptomatology predicted membership in the moderate-increasing, high-decreasing, and high-increasing trajectories, relative to the low-stable trajectory. Findings suggest substantial heterogeneity in family negativity, identifying three significant growth patterns during the perinatal period with differential implications for maternal depressive symptomatology at 24 weeks and 12 months after delivery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Validation of the Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire in Chinese pregnant and postpartum women.

OBJECTIVES: To test the psychometric properties of the culturally adapted Chinese version of the self-administered Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire (APFQ) in pregnant and postpartum women. STUDY DESIGN: Between November 2018 and December 2018, a total of 316 pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria in an outpatient setting were enrolled. The participants completed the questionnaire during the third trimester and twice after delivery. The test for validity was composed of face/content validity and construct validity. Reliability testing included internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The degree of responsiveness was assessed using effect size (ES) and standardized response mean (SRM). RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-four women completed all questionnaires. Content validity, missing data did not exceed 4 % for any questions in the Chinese version of the self-administered APFQ. Construct validity, there was statistically significant difference in the symptoms scores of women with and without subjective suffering bothersome symptoms in bladder function, bowel function, prolapse and sexual function during pregnancy and postpartum periods. Reliability, the total Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the questionnaire in pregnancy and postpartum periods were 0.8, 0.9 and 0.9, respectively, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the total questionnaire was 0.8 during the test-retest. Responsiveness, the Chinese version of APFQ can track changes in bladder function domain and bowel function domain for the women with standardized response mean equal to 0.6 and 0.2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese version of the self-administered APFQ had satisfactory reliability and validity, and can longitudinally monitor changes in pelvic floor symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum periods.